Arnstein,+A+Ladder+of+Citizen+Participation

From //Journal of the American Institute of Planners// 1969
 * "A Ladder of Citizenship Participation"**

Arnstein was the chief advisor on citizen participation in the Model Cities Program at the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
 * Arnstein, Sherry**

Arnstein uses the metaphor of a ladder to describe the levels of citizen participation in urban programs. The lowest level of the ladder is nonparticipation, including manipulation and therapy. Arnstein says that these are both dishonest and arrogant. Levels three to five are under tokenism, including, informing, consultation and placation. Informing and consultation meaning telling the people about their rights and getting their opinions. Placation is giving the citizens demands. Six to eight are under citizen power, including, partnership, delegated power, and citizen control.
 * Main Argument**

**Comments** Interesting ideas

--Fina Robertson